Thyroid Lesions in the Diagnosis of Thyroid Lesions - 7700 Words

Thyroid Lesions and Recent Advances in the Diagnosis of Thyroid Lesions (Other (Not Listed) Sample) Content: Modern Diagnosis of Thyroid Lesions Thyroid Lesions and Recent Advances in the Diagnosis of Thyroid LesionsCollected by Fine Needle AspirationA Critical Literature Review Conduct a Critical Review of the Literature on the use of Fine Needle Aspiration in the diagnosis and treatment of of Thyroid LesionsName:Student Credentials:Degree Program: University:Faculty Advisor: Project Due By  DATE \@ "d MMMM yyyy" 24 October 2015 AbstractThis paper presents a detailed, comprehensive and strategically developed literature review, critically focusing on contemporary practices when testing for and diagnosing thyroid lesions. Accumulating an immense volume of academic arguments, empirical research studies and clinical tests of the Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) practice, the paper presents a critical review of the most recent peer-reviewed literature. Although slightly basing the evaluative argument on research studies conducted in the last three decades, the core of the revie w evaluates recent academic arguments and research findings on the application of FNA. Towards this end, the literature review traces its argument to thyroid lesions in cytopathology, the condition of benign nodules (such as colloid, Hyperplastic and cyst), contemporary thyroiditis practice (both Hashimoto and de Quervains thyroiditis), and the accruing neo-plastic tissue changes. This creates a background to review the dynamics of fine-needle aspirate, specifically discussing the role and importance of cytology, the limitations of fine-needle aspirates, potential in the diagnostic testing of thyroid lesions and the use of imaging and molecular options. The critical review then contextualizes the Bethesda reporting system, in contemporary cytopathology. In agreement with previous research studies and clinical tests, the review concludes that the FNA emerges as a relevant, reliable, effective, precise, cost-effective and accurate diagnostic tool for thyroid lesions, when applied wi th relatively few limitations, towards a purposive goal in cytopathology, such as when complemented with imaging and molecular pathogenesis.Keywords: Thyroid Lesions, Benign Nodules, Fine Needle Aspiration, Bethesda Reporting System, Thyroid Lesion Diagnosis, and Thyroid Nodules Test Contents TOC \o "1-7" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc396052471"
Abstract  PAGEREF _Toc396052471 \h
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Contents  PAGEREF _Toc396052472 \h
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Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc396052473 \h
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Thematic Review  PAGEREF _Toc396052474 \h
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Structure of the Paper  PAGEREF _Toc396052475 \h
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Thyroid Lesions in Cytopathology  PAGEREF _Toc396052476 \h
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Contextual Definitions  PAGEREF _Toc396052477 \h
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Benign Nodules  PAGEREF _Toc396052478 \h
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Thyroiditis (Hashimoto and De Quervains)  PAGEREF _Toc396052479 \h
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Neo-Plastic Tissue Changes  PAGEREF _Toc396052480 \h
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Fine-Needle Aspirate (FNA)  PAGEREF _Toc396052481 \h
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Role and Importance of Cytology  PAGEREF _Toc396052482 \h
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Limitations of Fine-Needle Aspirates  PAGEREF _Toc396052483 \h
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Imaging and the Molecular Diagnostic/Surveillance Approach  PAGEREF _Toc396052484 \h
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Imaging  PAGEREF _Toc396052485 \h
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Molecular Pathogenesis and Diagnosis  PAGEREF _Toc396052486 \h
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The Bethesda Reporting System  PAGEREF _Toc396052487 \h
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Conclusion to the Review  PAGEREF _Toc396052488 \h
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Refe rence List  PAGEREF _Toc396052489 \h
14 Thyroid Lesions and Recent Advances in the Diagnosis of Thyroid Lesions Collected by Fine Needle Aspiration: A Critical Literature ReviewIntroductionThematic ReviewFrom the perspective of cytopathology, modern pathological practices have enabled the study, testing and diagnosis of thyroid lesions from the cellular level. Of focus in the preset review is the use of thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA), where according to Cibas and Ali (2009), FNA) has an essential role in the evaluation of euthyroid patients with a thyroid nodule. After ages of what have been termed as unnecessary surgeries, cytopathologists can now use FNA to attend to the needs of thyroid patients with reliable effectiveness. The question however emerges on the sensitivity, effectiveness, precision and diagnostic accuracy of FNA, in comparison with alternative diagnostic tests available for thyroid lesions. This area of interest has a wide and highly detailed presence on the literature, both in research findings and academic arguments. Numerous scholars have in the last few decades, conducted several retrospective studies on FNA. As early as 1982, researchers such as Hamberger and others had started to evaluate the cost and practice implications of FNA diagnosis. A few years later, Suen (1998) reviewed the application of FNA to separate cellular follicular lesions. Nearly a decade later, Schlinkert et al. (1997) investigated the factors that can determine FNAs accuracy to predict malignant thyroid lesions. At the beginning of the century, Kelman et al (2001) reviewed the malignancy risk in thyroid cytology and contextualized the role of FNA. Towards the close of that decade, Layfield et al. (2008) had investigated the post-testing implications of FNA diagnosis, particularly in the treatment of thyroid lesions. Recently, Sinna and Ezzat (2012) investigated the diagnostic accuracy of FNA in thyroid lesions for contemporary practice after decade s of its use. As exemplified above therefore, FNA testing and diagnosis of thyroid lesions has been widely covered in the last few decades, both in empirical research, clinical tests and academic discourse. What is critically essential therefore is a thematic analysis of this literature to reach a reliable, accurate, relevant and evidence-based conclusion. Consequently, this paper seeks to provide a critical review and assessment of such studies currently published in peer-reviewed literature on the dynamics of FNA when diagnosing thyroid lesions, leading to an evidence-based evaluation of the Bethesda reporting system as defined by contemporary pathological practice.Structure of the PaperFollowing this brief introduction, the paper will present a critical literature review of contemporary practices when testing for and diagnosing thyroid lesions. Immediately hereafter, the paper will review thyroid lesions in cytopathology, starting by critically discussing benign nodules includ ing colloid, Hyperplastic and cyst, highlighting thyroiditis practice (briefly focusing on Hashimoto and de Quervains thyroiditis), and finally reviewing neo-plastic changes in conventional medical practice.Thereafter, the paper will focus on the dynamics of fine-needle aspirate, discussing the role and importance of cytology, the limitations of fine-needle aspirates and briefly, on the use of imaging and molecular options for the diagnosis of thyroid lesions. Ultimately, the paper will briefly discuss the Bethesda reporting system, before developing a precise conclusion to the literature review.Thyroid Lesions in Cytopathology Contextual DefinitionsThyroid lesions, alternatively termed as thyroid nodules are abnormal cells that develop in a tissue, within and even around the human thyroid gland. Upon progressive development, the thyroid lesions emerge as small bumpy lumps such as around the neck region (where they can be examined physically) just above the breastbone, or developin g internally and thus impossible to examine physically. The present paper seeks to review the assessment, examination and diagnosis of internal thyroid lesions that cannot be validated physically. The bumpy lumps are referred to as cysts, which may or may not incorporate fluid (fluid-filled/cystic or solid lumps) and the fluid can be either independent or integrated with thyroid cells.The size and nature of thyroid nodules often influence their impact on the human neck and its function, such as in swallowing. The rate of a thyroid lesion to infect and negatively aggrieve normal functioning of the thyroid gland is termed as malignancy. Some of the nodules are cancerous, but the majority of nodules are non-cancerous. According to the American Thyroid Association, the vast majority of thyroid nodules are benign (noncancerous) but a small proportion of thyroid nodules do contain thyroid cancer. As shall emerge hereafter, ultrasound imaging is a potential way of detecting ad diagnosin g thyroid lesions, and according to Wong and Ahuja (2005), such imaging helps to differentiate a malignant nodule from a more common benign thyroid nodule and identify a malignant nodule against a background nodular goiter (with an) incidence of between 1% and 3%. Importantly however, it is important to differentiate a malignant thyroid lesion from a benign/noncancerous thyroid lesion. Malignant lesions are cancerous and they often grow infinitely, such that they can and doe invade adjacent tissues and thereafter spread, unlike the benign lesion that are noncancerous and often static and independent. Benign NodulesThe condition of thyroid lesions has become common occurrence, most notably based on their common impact such as develop...

Should Electronic Cigarettes Be Harmful - 1676 Words

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William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1306 Words

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History Of Basketball Essay Example For Students

History Of Basketball Essay A brief out line of basketball is it is a game played with a pumped round ballbetween two teams of five players each on a rectangular court. In professionalor minor competition basketball is usually played indoors, but it does not needto be. Each team tries to score by shooting the ball through the other teamsgoal at each end of the court, above their heads. The goal is a round hoop andnet called a basket. The team scoring the most such throws, through field goalsor foul shots, wins the game. Equipment used You do not need a lot of equipmentto play basketball all you need is a basketball, a court and one or twobasketball rings. The basketball court is in a shape of a rectangle ranging insize from about 29 m by 15 m to about 22 m by 13 m. At each end of the court isa backboard placed behind the ring, measuring usually about 2 m by 1 m, this isalso in a rectangular shape although in some collages in America it is more in ashape of this. Each normal rectangular backboard is about 2.7 m (about 9 ft)above the court. The baskets are attached firmly to the backboards about 3 m(about 10 ft) above the playing surface. Each basket is about 46 cm (about 18in) in diameter and consists of a round hoop, or metal ring, from which awide-meshed white net is hung. The regulation basketball is an inflated,leather- or nylon-covered sphere that weighs from 567 to 624 g (20 to 22 oz.)and has a circumference of about 76-cm (about 30 in). What is involved Aconventional basketball team, which is directed by a coach, is made up of twoforwards, two guards, and a center. The two forwards are usually the better ofthe shooters and are really quick. In the jump they both stand between thecircle and the opponents basket. The two guards stand in the backcourt. Thecenter, usually the tallest player on the team who stands inside a circle thathas a radius of about 61 cm (about 24 in) and is located midway along a linepainted across the center of the court. The game commences with the tip-off,when the referee tosses the ball into the air over the center circle, in whichthe opposing centers stand face to face. The centers then leap into the air andattempt, with their hands, to tap the ball to their teammates. The team thatgets the ball attempts to advance it toward the basket defended by the opposingside, in order to try for a field goal, or basket, scoring two or three points,depending on the players distance from the basket. A player may advance theball by passing it to a teammate or by bouncing (dribbling) it continually alongthe floor while running toward the basket. After a basket is scored, theopposing team puts the ball into play from behind its end line and in turn triesto move the ball upcourt to score. 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Because around the world basketball has little changes from onecountry to the other when the Olympics are played some one has to make thedecisions on how it is going to be played. No matter how the rules are decidedit would not be much of a change from where ever the basketball players havecome from to make it difficult to play. In the Olympics the games is set out asone big knock out game to decide who plays in the finals to be come number one inthe world. All the teams have to try not to get kicked out by loosing gameswhile trying to knock the other teams out of the competition. Which leaves thebasketball players with an enormous amount of pressure on them. Basic Rules Thebasic rules to basketball are fouls, travelling, double dribbling, the threesecond violation, foot violation and finally out of bounds. To get a foul inbasketball you are usually hit or pushed in some way by the opposing side. Totravell in basketball you will either take to many steps before bouncing theball, or after bouncing and stopping you start to bounce the ball again. Todouble dribble you must jump in the air with the ball in your hands and landagain with out passing or shooting the ball. Someone playing offence and stayingin the key for longer than three seconds or more causes the three-secondviolation. Foot violation in exactly what it sounds like, it is a violation madeby someone kicking the ball. Last but not least is going ov er the boundary linewith the ball. All of these things are not allowed in basketball and I shouldknow as I play in real competition. For almost all off the rules the refereeshave made some kind of body signal to tell everyone what just happened with outyelling it so everyone can hear. Below you can see some of the following signsthe referees make. When it began in the Olympics The success of internationalbasketball was greatly advanced by Forrest C. 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